In this work, we investigate multiphoton and optical field tunneling emission from metallic surfaces with nanoscale vacuum gaps. Using time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) simulations, we find that the properties of the emitted photocurrent in such systems can be greatly altered by the application of only a few-volt direct current (DC) bias. We find that when coupled with expected plasmonic enhancements within the nanometer-scale metallic gaps, the application of this DC bias significantly reduces the threshold for the transition to optical-field-driven tunneling from the metal surface, and could sufficiently enhance the emitted photocurrents, to make it feasible to electronically tag fJ ultrafast pulses at room temperature. Given the petahertz-scale instantaneous response of the photocurrents, and the low effective capacitance of thin-film nanoantenna devices that enables
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response time, detectors that exploit this bias-enhanced surface emission from nanoscale vacuum gaps could prove to be useful for communication, petahertz electronics, and ultrafast optical-field-resolved metrology. -
Franson, Andrew ; Zhu, Na ; Kurfman, Seth ; Chilcote, Michael ; Candido, Denis R. ; Buchanan, Kristen S. ; Flatté, Michael E. ; Tang, Hong X. ; Johnston-Halperin, Ezekiel ( , APL Materials)
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Candido, Denis R. ; Flatté, Michael E. ; Egues, J. Carlos ( , Physical Review Letters)